曝气强度对膜生物反应器污泥混合液可滤性的影响

主要研究了曝气强度对膜生物反应器(MBR)膜污染的影响.2套MBR采用恒流出水模式连续运行60 d,曝气强度分别为500及100 L/h,应用死端过滤装置来检测不同阶段污泥混合液的可滤性.实验中对不同曝气强度下的溶解性微生物代谢产物(SMP)分子质量分布、颗粒粒径分布、胞外聚合物(EPS)含量进行了测定.结果表明,过高的曝气强度将恶化污泥混合液的可滤性,增加了膜污染速率.进一步研究表明,曝气强度的增加导致了污泥混合液上清液中相对分子质量>10000的SMP浓度的增加,此部分大分子有机物浓度直接影响了污泥混合液的可滤性.过高的曝气强度也导致了污泥絮体中1～10μm细小颗粒和EPS含量的增加.     

Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响

用水培法研究Ce(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗光化学反应的影响.结果表明, 20 mg·L^-1 CeCl₃使大豆幼苗净光合速率(Pn)、Hill反应、Mg²⁺-ATPase活性与光合磷酸化活力4项指标较对照提高23.2%～14.3%; 有效抑制UV-B辐射(T₁=0.15 W·m^-2和T₂=0.45 W·m^-2)胁迫下4项指标下降, 4项指标降幅［Ce(Ⅲ)+T₁为36.6%～15.9%,Ce(Ⅲ)+T₂为65.6%～33.2%］小于对应的UV-B辐射组(T₁为50.9%～23.3%,T₂为77.3%～51.4%). 动态变化显示, Ce(Ⅲ)减缓了胁迫期4项指标的下降趋势,促进了恢复期4项指标上升幅度. 说明Ce(Ⅲ)通过减轻UV-B辐射对大豆幼苗光化学反应的伤害, 遏制UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗Pn下降.     

Effect of rhizosphere on soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene biodegradation

To access the influence of a vegetation on soil microorganisms toward organic pollutant biogegration, this study examined the rhizospheric effects of four plant species (sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa, and fescue) on the soil microbial community and in-situ pyrene (PYR) biodegradation. The results indicated that the spiked PYR levels in soils decreased substantially compared to the control soil without planting. With equal planted densities, the efficiencies of PYR degradation in rhizosphere with sudan grass, white clover, alfalfa and fescue were 34.0%, 28.4%, 27.7%, and 9.9%, respectively. However, on the basis of equal root biomass the efficiencies were in order of white clover >> alfalfa > sudan > fescue. The increased PYR biodegradation was attributed to the enhanced bacterial population and activity induced by plant roots in the rhizosphere. Soil microbial species and biomasses were elucidated in terms of microbial phospholipid ester-linked fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant changes in PLFA pattern in planted and non-planted soils spiked with PYR. Total PLFAs in planted soils were all higher than those in non-planted soils. PLFA assemblages indicated that bacteria were the primary PYR degrading microorganisms, and that Gram-positive bacteria exhibited higher tolerance to PYR than Gram-negative bacteria did.     

SBR反应器中有机物去除与硝化反硝化过程INT-ETS活性变化

通过检测不同进水氨氮浓度和有机物浓度下的SBR工艺系统的INT-ETS活性,研究了SBR工艺去除有机物与硝化反硝化过程中污泥生物活性的变化规律.结果表明,INT-ETS活性可以有效地表征SBR工艺系统的生化反应进程;SBR工艺一个反应周期内,有机物降解、硝化和反硝化阶段生物活性依次降低;当进水COD为300 mg/L,氨氮为40 mg/L时,系统的INT-ETS活性从232.59 mg/(g·h)下降到190.65 mg/(g·h),最终降至113.88 mg/(g·h);伴随有机物的去除和硝化反硝化的进程,INT-ETS活性一般会出现特征点,预示着不同反应阶段的开始与结束;通过不同进水氨氮浓度(14.5 mg/L 和42.0 mg/L)和有机物浓度(COD为293 mg/L 和685 mg/L)的试验,发现运行条件的变化并未明显改变SBR系统的INT-ETS活性变化规律,但会影响INT-ETS活性曲线上标志不同反应阶段的特征点出现时间.     

多粘类芽孢杆菌GA1所产絮凝剂的絮凝性能研究及机理探讨

采用正交絮凝、粒度检测及电镜扫描考察了多粘类芽孢杆菌GA1所产絮凝剂（MBFGA1）对高岭土溶液、土壤悬浊液、洗煤废水及垃圾渗滤液4种废水的絮凝性能,并利用蒽酮试验和红外光谱对絮凝剂成分进行了初步鉴定.在正交絮凝实验获得的最佳絮凝条件下,絮凝剂对高岭土溶液、土壤悬浊液、洗煤废水和垃圾渗滤液的絮凝率分别高达99.53%、99.50%、98.2%和75.60%,絮体沉降速度分别为0.03 m/s、0.025 m/s、0.025 m/s和0.005 m/s;土壤悬浊液中颗粒絮凝后平均粒径增大且大于10　μm,其余３种废水中颗粒平均粒径减小且小于10　μm;电镜扫描结果显示,絮凝前后废水颗粒的形态均从棱角分明转变为包埋的无棱角;EDTA、HCl以及尿素检验发现4种颗粒与絮凝剂分子间靠离子键结合;蒽酮反应及红外光谱结果显示该絮凝剂为含有较多羟基及羧基等官能团的多糖大分子.实验结果表明絮凝剂对高颗粒物浓度废水有很好的处理效果,其絮凝机理主要是吸附架桥作用.     

Phylogenetic analysis and arsenate reduction e ect of the arsenic-reducing bacteria enriched from contaminated soils at an abandoned smelter site

Microbial reduction of As(V) (i.e., arsenate) plays an important role in arsenic (As) mobilization in aqueous environment. In this study, we investigated As(Ⅴ) reduction characteristics of the bacteria enriched from the arsenic-contaminated soil at an abandoned smelter site. It was found that As(Ⅴ) was completely reduced to As(Ⅲ) (i.e., arsenite) in 21 h. After 3-d incubation, a yellow solid was precipitated and the concentration of As(Ⅲ) decreased sharply. After 150 h incubation, ca. 65% of soluble arsenic was removed from the solution. The analysis of the precipitate by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the main component was crystalline arsenic sulfide (ASS). Microbial mediated reduction and mobilization of adsorbed As(Ⅴ) on ferric hydroxide was also examined. In the microcosm slurry experiment, ca. 53% of the adsorbed As(V) was reduced to As(Ⅲ) by the bacteria, which resulted in an appreciable release of arsenic into aqueous phase. The released arsenic was present predominantly as As(Ⅲ). The microbial diversity was analyzed by 16S rDNA-dependent molecular phylogeny. A near-full-length 16S rDNA gene clone library was constructed. The 197 clones were analyzed using RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) and 72 OTUs were obtained, which contributed 51% of the content for total clone number in six OTUs. Six bacterial clones in these six OTUs were selected for sequencing and the sequenced clones were found to belong to the group Caloramator, Clostridium, and Bacillus.     

污水灌溉对土壤重金属含量、酶活性和微生物类群分布的影响

以沈阳张士灌区长期污灌的农田土壤为对象,研究了土壤重金属、土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布特征,分析了土壤微生物参数与土壤重金属和土壤性质的相关关系.结果表明,虽然已停止污灌十余年,张士灌区农田土壤仍存在Cd、Zn、Cu等多种重金属污染.土壤Cd污染最严重,含量达1.75～3.89 mg·kg-1.土壤耕作层(0～30cm)Zn、Cu、Pb总含量随土层深度增加逐渐减少,而Cd元素的垂直分布呈向下迁移的趋势.Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb等4种重金属含量水平分布特征相似,均为1号样地＞2号样地＞3号样地＞4号样地.相关性分析表明,张士灌区土壤酶活性、微生物生物量和种群分布受重金属污染和土壤养分的影响,土壤养分含量(有机碳、N、P、K)对微生物的正面效应大于重金属对微生物的负面效应.土壤全量Cd和速效K对微生物参数的影响最为明显,Cd含量与多酚氧化酶活性和微生物生物量(Cmic)呈极显著负相关,与纤维素酶活性呈极显著正相关(P＜0 01),速效K含量与多酚氧化酶活性、微生物生物量以及可培养微生物种群数量均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).     

双筒型微生物燃料电池生物阴极反硝化研究

利用双筒型微生物燃料电池生物阴极实现电反硝化脱氮,考察外电阻大小、进水硝酸盐和有机物浓度对产电和反硝化的影响.当外电阻从50Ω下降到5Ω,硝酸盐去除速率由0.26 mg/(L.h)上升到0.76 mg/(L.h);在外电阻为5Ω时,亚硝氮积累浓度达55 mg/L;硝酸盐起始浓度在20～120 mg/L时硝酸盐降解满足0级反应,硝酸盐浓度对MFC产电影响不显著;亚硝氮的积累浓度随硝酸盐起始浓度增加而增加,最高可达到35 mg/L;有机物的加入能提高阴极反硝化速度,避免亚硝酸盐积累,对MFC产电影响不大.     

缓冲液对微生物燃料电池产电性能影响研究

微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)应用于废水处理是一项非常有潜力的除污产能的绿色技术.但MFC运行过程中采用磷酸盐缓冲液不符合除污产能要求,增加水体富营养化趋势且增加水处理成本.试验采用单极室微生物燃料电池处理模拟生活污水,以投加PBS(phosphate buffer solution)...     

中药废水污泥群落结构解析中PCR-DGGE引物的选择与评价

在中药废水生物活性污泥群落DGGE解析过程中,为了探讨16S rDNA通用引物的扩增效率和对污泥细菌群落的表征能力,选用包括简并性引物在内的11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA序列的4个可变区,并应用DGGE图谱评价不同引物的扩增效率和微生物种群多样性.结果表明,采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,微生物种群多样性存在着显...